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Tinnitus is the perception of sound without any external auditory stimulus. The perceived sound can be described in various tones and characteristics, such as ringing, humming, wind noise, or the sound of a machine operating. Regardless of its nature, all types of sounds are categorized under “ringing” or “tinnitus.” There are numerous causes that can […]

Dizziness is not a disease itself but a symptom that can arise from various causes. Patients may describe it differently as imbalance, lightheadedness, blurred vision, or mild to severe spinning sensations. Complaints can range in severity from mild imbalance to intense spinning feelings, depending on the underlying factors. Dizziness can occur as a standalone symptom […]

The facial nerve (facial nerve), which has the longest bony canal among the nerves that move muscles in the body, is one of the most frequently paralyzed nerves. Approximately 90% of these paralysis cases occur due to diseases within the temporal bone where the nerve passes through its canal. While the most common cause of […]

Allergic rhinitis, also known as allergic cold, is a discomfort that arises after allergens (substances causing allergies) come into contact with the nasal mucosa, leading to symptoms such as runny nose, itching in the nose and eyes, sneezing, and throat itching. It is an abnormal reaction developed against particles present in the air that enter […]

The nose is a normal respiratory organ that warms, humidifies the air we inhale and filters out foreign substances, allergens, and microorganisms. In this way, the oxygen in the air that reaches the lungs is transferred to the blood much more efficiently after being warmed and humidified. Additionally, the resistance created against the airflow within […]

THYROID SURGERY, THYROID DISEASES, AND SURGICAL TREATMENT (GUATR) What is the thyroid gland and where is it located? The thyroid gland is named after the Greek word for “shield” due to its resemblance to the large cartilage forming the larynx. It is located just below and in front of the larynx, along the midline, where […]

SINUSES The air-filled cavities located within the bones surrounding the nose are called sinuses (paranasal sinuses). There are five pairs of sinuses: maxillary sinuses (cheek sinuses), frontal sinuses (forehead sinuses), anterior and posterior ethmoid sinuses (between the eyes), and sphenoid sinuses (intracranial sinuses) (Figure 1). The mucosa lining the inside of the nose also lines […]